Evolution of maternal effects
Maternal effects are the influences of the mother's phenotype (the set of her observable characteristics) on her offspring's phenotype by routes other than through the inherited genes. Potentially they provide an additional means of adaptation to changing environmental conditions over and above phenotypic plasticity (the direct adaptation of the individual's phenotype during its lifetime). We have developed a series of models to help understand what the consequences of maternal effects might be and under what circumstances they might be expected to evolve.