Professor Christian Enemark

Research groups

Research interests

• Ethics of war and peace
• Politics of global health
• International security
• Arms control
• Drone violence (DRONETHICS)

Current research

During 2018 - 2023, "Emergent Ethics of Drone Violence: Toward a Comprehensive Governance Framework" (DRONETHICS) was a major project funded by the European Research Council (grant no. 771082) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The DRONETHICS project systematically addressed an urgent need to clarify the morality of ‘drone violence’, defined as violence involving a weapon system that is radically remote from its immediate user. Such remoteness is achieved through extreme physical distancing or the devolution of system functions from humans to AI technologies, so drone violence disrupts traditional expectations about war and a warrior’s exposure to risk. In turn, the disruptively innovative premise of this project is that such violence does not necessarily fall within the remit of the Just War framework according to which war is traditionally judged and governed. Moving beyond Just War thinking, the project opened up an ethical inquiry into drone violence conceptualised as either war, violent law-enforcement (protective or punitive), 'tele-intimate' violence, or devolved (to AI) violence. Through innovative exploration and application of alternative frameworks for governing violence, our interdisciplinary research team produced: the first integrated conceptual framework for explaining ethical concerns arising from current and potential forms of drone violence; recommendations for policy-makers on how to manage this violence ethically; and a new normative vision for shaping the longer-term trajectory of drone violence for the sake of humanity.

Research projects